Which type of vaccine is made using long chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of a certain bacteria?

The correct answer is polysaccharide because these vaccines utilize long chains of sugar molecules derived from the outer capsule of bacteria. Polysaccharide vaccines are designed to trigger an immune response by presenting these carbohydrate structures to the immune system, thereby helping the body recognize and fight off the actual bacteria in the future.

This type of vaccine is particularly important for certain bacterial infections where the capsule itself can help the bacteria evade the immune system. By using the polysaccharides, the vaccine can enhance the immune response against the encapsulated bacteria, providing effective protection.

Other types of vaccines mentioned in the question serve different functions or use different mechanisms of action. Live attenuated bacterial vaccines use weakened forms of the bacteria to induce immunity, while inactivated whole virus vaccines contain killed viruses and utilize proteins to elicit an immune response. Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins produced by bacteria, which stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. However, none of these options specifically involve the long sugar chains from bacterial capsules, making polysaccharide vaccines the most appropriate choice.